Herculaneum
Past and Future

In ad 79, the volcano Vesuvius erupted, burying the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum under ash and rock, and leaving them remarkably well preserved for centuries. While Pompeii has been extensively written about and popularized, the remains of its sister city, a smaller yet wealthier community close to the sea, are less widely known, but they have yielded spectacular archaeological evidence.

This is the first major study of Herculaneum since that of Joseph Jay Deiss, published in 1966 and last revised in 1993. And in any language there have only ever been a handful of books available, mostly guidebooks and exhibition catalogues. Herculaneum is based on the latest excavation work and incorporates much new material that has revolutionized our understanding of the site. The book draws on a decade’s work with the Herculaneum Conservation Project which, thanks to the Packard Humanities Institute, has begun to reverse the neglect of previous years which had reduced this extraordinary site to a critical condition. Illustrated with more than 300 newly taken colour photographs and archive illustrations, plus eight spectacular 360-degree panoramas, it is the definitive overview for the general public of what we know and understand about Herculaneum, of what is still unknown and mysterious, and of the potential for future discoveries in both archaeological and political contexts.

CONTENTS



1. Geology and the Laws of Nature

2. The Politics of Discovery

3. Ruins Restored

4. The Town in Its Setting

5. The Public Face of the Town

6. Inhabitants

7. Standards of Living

8. High Life

9. Low Life

10. A Tale of Two Cities



Epilogue: Saving the Past

Further Reading

Index

Acknowledgments

ANDREW WALLACE-HADRILL, OBE, was the Director of the British School at Rome and is now Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He is Director for the Packard Humanities Institute of its Herculaneum Conservation Project. His books include Suetonius: The Scholar and his Caesars (1985), Augustan Rome (1993), Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum (1994) and Rome's Cultural Revolution (2008).

In the vaults down by the seashore, the bodies of the last inhabitants were found in their hundreds, crowded by the dozen into each space. There they took refuge from a catastrophe that they hoped they might survive, one in the form of a tremendous earthquake, only to find themselves overwhelmed by the catastrophe they had never imagined, a pyroclastic surge that reduced their bodies to skeletons in a matter of seconds, if not fractions of a second. When someone dies of thermal shock, their tendons involuntarily contract into the ‘pugilist’ position of a boxer in self-defence. The sight is familiar in the victims of catastrophic fires and bomb explosions. But so swift was their death that the process of involuntary contraction was not

even complete before they died. What is left, after careful excavation, is a shocking sight. One can only look with dismay at the remains of fellow humans so instantaneously snuffed out. The effect of the intense heat is to deprive the skeletons of their humanity, of all the elements that enable us to recognize someone, to ‘put a face to them’. Yet the paradox is that this state of frightening anonymity is, after all, legible.

Advances in forensic science and palaeo-osteology, the science of study of the bones of the past, mean that each skeleton can be carefully individuated, by gender, age, medical history and (to some extent) social condition.

Much, as we will see, can be said about these victims. Yet nothing will restore their names. We do indeed have names of the inhabitants, in great abundance. Inscriptions and dedications allow us to reconstruct much about the town’s ruling elite, over at least a century. The largest and most important inscription preserved in Herculaneum gives us more than this: the names of up to 500 inhabitants, all male and of free status. Even more precious, we have dossiers of wooden tablets, archives from no less than eight of the houses, totalling some 160 separate documents. These not only illustrate vividly the life histories of a select group of inhabitants, but, thanks to the Roman insistence of having every legal document

witnessed by at least seven people, provide hundreds of names from the last two decades of the town’s life, as many as 650 separate individuals. It

is rare, anywhere in the Roman world, to have the evidence of hundreds of contemporary skeletons, or to know hundreds of contemporary names, let alone to have both such sources of information. But that is not of course all. We have a good proportion of their houses too, the residences, shops and flats in which they lived. And in one extraordinary case, which we will look at in detail, we have, thanks to the great sewer or cesspit that ran under the block of shops and flats by the Palaestra, the organic remains that enable us to analyse in detail the diet of several dozen inhabitants over the course of a couple of decades. And indeed, if more was needed, we actually can put faces to a few dozen of the more wealthy inhabitants, thanks to their fondness for portraits in marble and bronze. It is hard to imagine any other ancient population that can be known in such close-grained detail.